![]() ![]() Diseases associated with carbohydrate metabolism include diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen storage diseases, and lactose intolerance. Their general formula is (C 6 H 10 O 5) n. They are formed by a series of condensation reactions and yield more than 10 molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis. It is the precursor for synthesis of all the other carbohydrates in the body, including glycogen for storage ribose and deoxyribose in nucleic acids galactose for synthesis of lactose in milk, in glycolipids, and in combination with protein in glycoproteins (see Chapter 46) and proteoglycans. Polysaccharides are also known as polymers are long complex chains of many monosaccharides that are joined together by glycosidic bonds. Glucose is the major metabolic fuel of mammals (except ruminants) and a universal fuel of the fetus. Glucose is the most important carbohydrate most dietary carbohydrate is absorbed into the bloodstream as glucose formed by hydrolysis of dietary starch and disaccharides, and other sugars are converted to glucose in the liver. Animals can synthesize carbohydrates from amino acids, but most are derived ultimately from plants. In plants, glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis and stored as starch or used to synthesize the cellulose of the plant cell walls. ![]() ![]() Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plants and animals they have important structural and metabolic roles. ![]()
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